87% dos professores da rede pública de ensino do estado de São Paulo confirmam conhecer casos de violência dentro das escolas. Tráfico e consumo de drogas, por exemplo, são situações presenciadas por 70% e 67% dos professores, respectivamente.
Os dados são de uma pesquisa do Sindicato dos Professores do Ensino Oficial do Estado de São Paulo (APEOESP), feita com 684 professores, com o objetivo de entender qual a percepção dos professores em relação à violência no ambiente escolar.
Agressão verbal é o tipo de violência mais rotineira. 96% dos professores declaram já terem presenciado. Além disso, atos de vandalismo, apontado por 88,5% dos professores, agressão física, citada por 82% e casos de furto, lembrada por 76,4%, completam a lista.
"Essa violência atinge a todos - professores, alunos, funcionários e comunidade", lembra o presidente da APEOESP, Carlos Ramiro de Castro. De acordo com os dados, 74% dos entrevistados disseram conhecer casos de professores ameaçados dentro da escola e 68% dizem conhecer situações em que alunos sofreram ameaças. "Não é uma pesquisa com dados surpreendentes, mas que, sem dúvida, vem a reforçar a visão de que a situação é extremamente preocupante e de que providências devem ser tomadas", diz.
As principais causas da violência, segundo os professores entrevistados, são: conflito entre alunos (76%), consumo de drogas e álcool (63%), falta de funcionários (60%) e por pobreza generalizada (45,6%). Para os educadores, em 93,3% dos casos, os alunos são os responsáveis pela violência. Pessoas desconhecidas são responsáveis por 31,6% dos casos e 25,2% das situações são causadas por pais ou responsáveis.
Para a mestre em educação e linguagem e especialista em questões relacionadas à disciplina em sala de aula, Anna Rita Sartore, existem dois tipos de violência: uma delas está na sociedade, ou seja, a marginalidade e o banditismo que invadem a escola e a violência causada dentro da própria instituição. "No primeiro caso, a resolução não compete às escolas e sim ao poder público. É uma questão de polícia, está fora da alçada pedagógica da escola", defende. "Já a violência causada dentro da escola acontece porque há frouxidão de limites da instituição para com os estudantes. A escola, sendo o primeiro meio de convívio social dos alunos, deve primar pelos limites e pela ética", analisa.
Ainda segundo a pesquisa, os professores apontam que 39% dos alunos se sentem inseguros a ponto de deixar de ir para a aula. 29% dos professores não se sentem seguros e, por isso, deixam de lecionar. "E para o ensino-aprendizagem acontecer é preciso, no mínimo, um ambiente possível de se relacionar. A pesquisa ilustra a falta de condição de trabalho dentro dessas instituições, que inclui infra-estrutura, indisciplina, falta de funcionários e carga horária reduzida", aponta Castro.
Tanto Castro quanto Sartore defendem uma gestão democrática para redução da violência nas escolas. "A comunidade, por exemplo, deve participar na elaboração do projeto pedagógico da escola", sugere Castro. "É preciso integrar comunidade, serviços de saúde, assistência social, Conselho Tutelar, entre outras instituições, para uma educação mais abrangente. O professor não pode mais ser o 'faz tudo' na escola e abarcar, inclusive, papel de psicólogo, pai ou mãe", defende o presidente da APEOESP.
"Essa gestão deve incluir também reuniões de pais com discussões além das notas. Só essa parceria reverterá a situação. Pais, alunos e professores passarão a se entender e enxergar que estão em busca de um mesmo objetivo: formar cidadãos de bem. Isso trará, de fora, mais respeito à instituição e seus colaboradores. Além disso, a comunidade e o corpo pedagógico estarão unidos e prontos para gritar ao poder público, pedindo o respaldo que eles são obrigados a dar", acredita Sartore.
Uma experiência nas redes pública e particular de ensino de Curitiba (PR) ajuda professores a identificarem mais facilmente alunos que estejam sofrendo tal punição também fora desse ambiente. Trata-se de uma capacitação acompanhada de uma cartilha com dicas de como fazer essa identificação. Cerca de 13 mil profissionais que lecionam na rede pública e duas mil escolas particulares participam da ação desenvolvida pelo Hospital Pequeno Príncipe em parceria com a Prefeitura e o Sindicato das Escolas Particulares do Paraná (Sinepe-PR).
"O aluno passa metade do seu dia na escola portanto se um grupo é capacitado para identificar casos de violência, conseguimos combatê-la precocemente," acredita a diretora de Relações Institucionais do hospital, Ety Cristina Forte Carneiro. Segundo ela, no Brasil, os professores são responsáveis por cerca de 8% das denúncias de maus-tratos. A rede criada em Curitiba faz com que os profissionais gerem 31% desse tipo de denúncia.
Fonte: Aprendiz / www.ligtv.com.br/educacao
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